This post is about my discovery of a tiny slice of life in this country, dating back to the early 20th century. This isn't a story about paleontology or even natural history. Rather, it's about the attraction of exploring and making some sense of a world that seems familiar but which is also distinct in many ways from mine today. Though not a matter of deep time, it feels a bit like it. The attraction of this research is quite analogous to what I experience when engaging with paleontology or natural history. (This is my thin justification for uploading this post.)
My wife's aunt was, by profession, a neuroanatomist, and, by avocation, a genealogist. Upon her death, she left a wealth of material about her extended family. I don't know what happened to most of it, but some came to my wife and me. Any collection of "things" likely undergoes marked diminution in size as it is passes from the original collector (who probably considered all of it treasure) to others, less involved and less dedicated. That is, if the collection isn't simply trashed at its first transition from the collector. (See my post titled Why Did Dad Collect All This Crap?, April 28, 2016.)
I was being ruthless in doing triage on the contents of a box of photographs of family and friends, until I uncovered a professional photograph of a baseball team. Though I tried to resist, the allure of the image and the label pasted below it was too much for me. It was all so markedly and wonderfully different from the rest of the pictures I'd been sorting; it called out for exploration.
How could I not be taken by this photograph of these young players, their manager, and a bat boy. All are unsmiling as they stare into the camera, well, all save Oran Morehead (#15), a pitcher, seated at the far end of the first row, who is captured looking at something or someone off to his right. The picture was taken on September 8, 1909, by photographer C.E. Reed. (The Norton County News, September 9, 1909.) There are at least a couple of errors in the picture's label. The second entry in the column on the left should be #2 not #5. The manager is the actual #5, but his name was spelled Hobart not Hobert.
A note about research sources: I was aided immeasurably by the Kansas Historical Society which, on its website, provides digital access to a broad collection Kansas newspapers.
A question I addressed and answered early was this: Why did my wife's aunt have this picture among her genealogically related materials? The answer rests on the shoulders of the young man seated in the first row, second from the viewer's left: L. Graves, #10 in the photograph, 2nd baseman. One branch of my wife's extended family has a connection with the Graves family of which the 2nd baseman was a part. His full name was Lyman Archibald Graves (1890-1927) and he was 18 years old at the time he posed for the group shot. Lyman Graves and my wife are 2nd cousins 2 times removed. (I utilized the very useful cousin chart provided by Jessica Grimaud on the FamilySearch Blog, July 23, 2019.)
My wife's aunt would be disappointed in me. I used her very complete treatise on her extended family to determine the genealogical relationship of Lyman Graves to my wife; after that, though, I paid little attention to the Graves family. It was what this image depicts that prompted me to spend several engrossing weeks of research. Yes, the photograph shows a baseball team that played for the town of Norton, Kansas, but, in reality, it offers a glimpse of a widespread social and cultural phenomenon of the early 20th century, one completely new to me: town team baseball or, as it was also known, townball.
Myriad small towns across the country fielded amateur teams that played each other during the summer months. (Town team baseball is still very much alive in some areas of the country.) To set the stage for this particular team, I would note that Norton was, and is, a small town located in the northwestern portion of the state, up near the border with Nebraska. Its population in 1910 was 1,787. Based on my research, I believe Norton played in 1909 against teams from 13 other towns - 10 in Kansas and 3 in Nebraska. In general, Norton with about two thousand inhabitants had a larger population than nearly all of the other locations involved. Muddying this picture is the fact that two of Norton's games were at home against the "K.C. Red Sox," a team that may have come from Kansas City, Kansas, and that played games around the state. With a population of over 80,000 in 1910, Kansas was a decided outlier among these localities. Excluding Kansas City, Norton had a larger population than all of the other jurisdictions involved but one, Concordia, Kansas, population 4,415. The smallest of the towns was Selden, Kansas, population 297. The average size of the towns involved (excluding Kansas City) was 1,236; the median size was 975: these were all small towns. (Data on the Kansas towns' population size was taken from a table available on the University of Kansas' website, titled Population of Cities in Kansas 1900-2020 - Decennial Censuses.)
In his insightful documentary Town Teams: Bigger than Baseball (2016), focused on town teams in Kansas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mark Honer cites a study of Kansas newspapers from 1911 to 1920 that found more than 300 town teams playing baseball in the state. He posits that these teams and the games they played had an impact well beyond the ball field. He makes the case that the towns fielding these teams did so for much more than friendly sporting competition: the games had economic, cultural, and social importance. Those who assembled these teams did so, in part, to bring their particular community together. These games were among the organized social events of small towns and their surrounding areas. At a time without the ubiquitous visual media available to us today (television and the rest), organized social cultural events that prompted people to gather together physically, such as fairs, Chautauqua assemblies, lectures, plays, and, of course, sporting events, were the life blood of many small towns. Honer contends, quite rightly in my mind, that towns established and supported teams in order to boost civic pride and to tell the broader world that here was a municipality worthy of economic investment and a good place to live. (Some papers referred to this specific team as the "Norton Boosters.") In general, small towns across the country were engaged in a struggle to survive and town team baseball was one of the steps many took to stand out from, and out pace, other area towns.
The games were major events for the towns. Norton's games were often played on the weekends, but a majority (22 of its games) fell on weekdays. (As described below, my data on the team's games are missing two games, at least.) If Fridays are excluded from the weekday count, 17 of the games were played between Monday and Thursday. Obviously, all were played during daylight hours. Reportedly, in many towns that fielded a team, businesses would close on game days. Norton was probably no exception. I found attendance reported for only three games; it ranged from 150 to 400 patrons. That last was for a game played on a Sunday (July 11, 1909) at Norton against the Selden team. Though fans might come not only from town, but also from outlying areas, those 400 people represented a striking 22 percent of the Norton town population.
Historian David Vaught has summarized the central role of baseball for small, rural towns.
From the 1880s through the 1950s, the small-town team became an institution in rural American every bit as much as the little red schoolhouse and the old-fashioned Fourth of July celebration. Diamonds dotted the countryside right alongside grain elevators, water towers, courthouses squares, and churches. Every small town in rural American that considered itself a progressive, modern place had its own baseball team. (Abner Doubleday, Marc Bloch, and the Cultural Significance of Baseball in Rural America, Agricultural History, Vol. 85, No 1, Winter 2022, p.10-11.)
Town teams were composed of players often, but not always, drawn from the local male population. Sometimes skilled players were recruited from outside the local area in an effort to field a winning team. Overall, these ball players were considered to be, and were referred to as, amateurs. If the definition of that label is undergoing dramatic change today, it was certainly stretched almost to the breaking point in the first decades of the 20th century with regard to town team baseball. These town team players were often financially compensated for their services. Paul R. Albert, in his book Plainville Baseball: History of Plainville, Kansas Town Team Baseball (2021), states that the Plainville team eschewed paying its players which many local town teams did. Yet, he also observes that "men with baseball talent may have been recruited to open [business] positions in town," and that the town was not above hiring pitchers for important games. (p. 4)
Suggestive of the financial rewards coming to the players, I found that the occupations reported for three of the Norton players in the 1910 decennial census were baseball related: Ralph Shimeall and Lyman Graves were employed as "ball player," while Oran Morehead's occupation was "umpire baseball." (I have found very few of the Norton players in that decennial census, probably due, in part, to my inexpert searching.) The Beaver City Tribune reporting on a loss of its town team to Norton said it was "outclassed by the salaried players of our Kansas neighbor." (The Norton Courier, May 20, 1909.)
The following description, written in March of 1909, of the assembling of Norton's 1909 team captures some of the most salient aspects at the time of town teams, in general, and of this Kansas town team, in particular.
Manager Hobart, of the Norton Baseball team[,] has signed two men for the coming year for sure and has strings out for three more that are 'cracker jacks.' In fact it has been suggested to the Telegram editor by some of the sports of the game that we had better not publish the line up of the team or we would not be able to get any games with the other towns in this section. So far, the manager has four men in [sic] pitching staff, Elliot, Morehead, Shimeall and a new man who just came to town a few days ago that is endorsed by Ed Port [his surname was actually Poort], professional player who makes his headquarters in Norton. All these boys are good utility men and can play anywhere on the diamond. Ed Port is a catcher and will probably sign the agreement in a few days. Johnnie Dempewolf will wear a Norton uniform around the third station if he is offered a reasonable compensation and as the fans here like him that will probably happen. (The Norton Weekly Telegram, March 3, 1909.)
The author of this article also observed, "Almena is reported to be in the game with a salary team this year as the business men of that town say they will pay $710 per month to a bunch that will skunk the county seat aggregation every game they play." These teams were presumably not in any organized leagues. Further, it appears that parts of Norton's schedule of games were established as the season progressed; who played and when could be rather ad hoc.
The Norton town team, as noted on the photograph, had a record of 33 wins and 9 losses through, I believe, September 4, 1909. My basic data on those 42 games using the newspapers published in Norton in 1909 is incomplete. I am missing two of the games, presumably Norton victories since I can account for the nine losses. The actual final 1909 record compiled by the club remains unclear. The Norton Weekly Telegraph on September 15, reported that the team had a record of 43-9 going into a double header on September 11 against Kensington; Norton reportedly lost both games. I seriously doubt that total of 43 victories which is well beyond what I have been able to record.
Box scores are available for each of the 40 games I've tallied. They provide information on opponents, where the games were played, scoring by inning, total hits, runs, and errors, and batteries (pitchers and catchers). Umpires were often identified (as noted below, probably with good reason). Sometimes the strikeouts and walks are provided for each participating pitcher. Once in awhile the duration of the game is noted; even rarer, is the inclusion of figures on attendance.
Frequently, a sentence or two describing a highlight of the game would be included with the box score. Those brief blurbs about the games offer a wealth of insight into the nature of the contests, the emotions involved, not only on the part of the players, but the crowd in attendance, and the partisanship of the Norton newspapers when covering its team. A recurrent complaint was about the bias or ineptitude of the umpires.
Among the most dramatic or amusing are the following:
The score is omitted because we are unable to distinguish between the umpire and his pets. (The Champion, June 10, 1909.)
Monday's game was much more tame owing to a row among the Smith Center players that caused several of their stars to leave hostilities. (The Champion, July 8, 1909.)
This game should have been 2 to 0, but a rank decision on the part of the umpire, gave Kensington a score. (The Norton County News, July 29, 1909.)
With the regular line-up in the field, Norton had an easy time winning this game, even if we did have to beat nine men - and the umpire. (The Norton County News, August 12, 1909.)
The Norton team certainly received the worst treatment Saturday at Selden that they have ever been up against. There was a bunch of hoodlums that crowded the players off the bench and used the vilest language possible. (The Norton County News, August 12, 1909.)
A most remarkable thing happened in one of the latter innings, when an Oberlin base runner trying to make home plate ran afoul of the Norton catcher and both went down. The runner straightened out as though dead - unconscious - and while in this condition several of the Oberlin players ran up, grabbed him and dragged him onto the base, resuscitating him afterwards and claiming a tally. Before this runner had been dragged onto the home plate another runner taking advantage of conditions made home plate and a tally was claimed for it. If the first runner was perpetrating a ruse, it didn't work. Neither did the bluster of the other runner whose imagination carried him to a state of wildness. The game was finished in red hot work [sic]. (The Norton Courier, September 9, 1909.)
More than a century ago, town team baseball helped to define and energize life in small town America. Turns out, the young men on the Norton team did more than play ball.